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Predictive processes shape individual musical preferences.

Ernest Mas-Herrero1,2, Josep Marco-Pallarés1,2

  • 1Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Musical pleasure arises from a balance between predictability and surprise, aligning with predictive coding principles. This equilibrium influences how we enjoy music and predict our responses to new compositions.

Keywords:
musicpredictabilityreward

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience of Music
  • Computational Auditory Neuroscience

Background:

  • Current theories link musical pleasure to intrinsic reward and learning via predictive processes.
  • Predictive coding suggests optimal learning, maximizing epistemic value, requires balancing predictability and uncertainty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between musical predictability, surprise, and pleasure.
  • To test if predictive coding principles explain music preferences and affective responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel decision-making paradigm with two large independent samples.
  • Participants rated preferences for melodies varying in surprise and entropy.
  • Developed computational models to predict genre preferences and pleasure responses.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between predictability and musical preference.
  • Observed an interaction: smaller surprises preferred in low-entropy music, larger surprises in high-entropy music.
  • Computational models accurately predicted real-world music preferences and pleasure.

Conclusions:

  • Musical pleasure is governed by an equilibrium between predictability and uncertainty, consistent with predictive coding.
  • This cognitive mechanism extends to real-world music experiences, influencing genre preferences and affective responses.
  • Findings advance understanding of the cognitive basis of music appreciation and affective processing.