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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
237
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

2.0K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Can we cure autoimmune hepatitis?

Maria Serena Longhi1, Lina Zhang2, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani3

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Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) involves immune cells damaging the liver. Restoring regulatory T cells (Tregs) may offer a cure by re-establishing immune tolerance and reducing side effects from current treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder primarily affecting females.
  • Liver damage in AIH results from the action of immune cells like B cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages.
  • Dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs), crucial for immunotolerance, permits ongoing autoimmune liver injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) pathogenesis.
  • To evaluate current treatment limitations and identify potential new therapeutic strategies.
  • To highlight the potential of Treg-based immunotherapy for AIH and similar autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AIH pathogenesis and treatment.
  • Analysis of the role of immune cell subsets, particularly Tregs, in liver injury.
  • Discussion of current and emerging therapeutic strategies, including adoptive Treg transfer.

Main Results:

  • Current treatments like corticosteroids and azathioprine achieve remission in most AIH patients but do not restore immune tolerance and have side effects.
  • Second- and third-line treatments also manage inflammation but carry risks and do not enable tolerance.
  • Treg dysfunction is a key factor in perpetuating AIH, while Treg-based strategies offer a path to immune tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Restoring Treg function and numbers is a promising therapeutic avenue for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
  • Further research into Treg dysfunction mechanisms is needed to develop effective Treg-based immunotherapies.
  • Treg restoration could lead to a cure for AIH and other autoimmune diseases with similar mechanisms.