Modern techniques used in the diagnosis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Laboratory diagnostics of diseases have improved significantly with modern laboratory techniques offering greater accuracy, earlier detection, and opportunities for personalized diagnosis. This review highlights the key techniques used in the diagnostics of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Detection of autoantibodies is the basis for modern laboratory diagnostics of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Immunofluorescent analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, and immunoblotting are nowadays common methods for differential diagnostics, screening, and monitoring the progression of autoimmune diseases. Polymerase chain reaction methods allow the identification of genetic markers associated with autoimmune disorders, which facilitates early diagnosis. Next Generation Sequencing allows for comprehensive analysis of genetic variants, identifying novel biomarkers, and furthering our understanding of disease mechanisms. Diagnostics and treatment are now approaching personalized medicine based mainly on modern molecular discoveries. Such an approach aims to determine disease risk, tailor treatment to individual patient needs, improve safety and efficacy, and reduce treatment costs. This review covers essential laboratory techniques for diagnosing autoimmune rheumatic diseases and aims to serve as a reliable resource for clinicians, including rheumatologists, and researchers.