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Electrochromic PEDOT:PSS with Embedded Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles.

Shih-Hao Chiu^1,2, Moonika S Widjajana^1,2, Nur-Adania Nor-Azman^1,2

¹School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|July 16, 2025

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Researchers enhanced electrochromic performance by adding liquid gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) to PEDOT:PSS. This innovation significantly speeds up color switching for smart windows and optoelectronics.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Electrochromic materials change color with electricity, useful for smart windows.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a promising electrochromic material but has limited efficiency due to charge transport issues.
Insulating components in electrochromic polymers hinder performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To improve the electrochromic performance of PEDOT:PSS.
To investigate the effect of incorporating liquid-state gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) into PEDOT:PSS.
To enhance switching kinetics and maintain optical transparency.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of PEDOT:PSS composite films with liquid-state Ga NPs.
Electrochemical analysis to evaluate switching kinetics and performance.

Keywords:

PEDOT:PSS electrochromism liquid metals nanoparticles switching time

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Optical transparency measurements.

Main Results:

The PEDOT:PSS:Ga NP composite showed enhanced switching speeds compared to pristine PEDOT:PSS.
The material maintained optical transparency comparable to the original PEDOT:PSS.
Ga NPs facilitated rapid charge transport via their oxidized interfacial layer, leading to record response and recovery times.

Conclusions:

Incorporating liquid-state Ga NPs significantly boosts the electrochromic performance of PEDOT:PSS.
This approach offers a pathway to highly efficient electrochromic materials for energy-saving smart coatings and advanced optoelectronics.
The unique properties of liquid Ga NPs and their oxide layer are key to the observed performance enhancement.