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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.2K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.2K
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

467
Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
467
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

725
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
725
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.1K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
1.1K
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

1.2K
The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
1.2K
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:07

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

838
Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling.  This phenomenon, called the Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring...
838

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

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Temperature-Dependent Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Diamond.

Gevin von Witte1,2, Aaron Himmler2, Konstantin Tamarov3

  • 1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhances nuclear magnetic resonance signals significantly in diamond. Experiments show polarization up to 38% at 1.7 K, with temperature-dependent profiles and polarization mechanisms identified.

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
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Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging

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Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging
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Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging

Published on: December 30, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state physics
  • Quantum information science
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals.
  • Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers and other nitrogen defects are common in diamond and influence its spin properties.
  • Understanding spin dynamics in diamond is crucial for quantum sensing and computing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate carbon-13 (13C) DNP in diamond across a range of temperatures and magnetic fields.
  • To characterize the temperature dependence of DNP profiles and nuclear polarization enhancements.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of polarization transfer and the role of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in diamond.

Main Methods:

  • 13C DNP experiments were conducted in diamond at 3.4 and 7 Tesla static magnetic fields.
  • Experiments covered a temperature range from 300 K down to 1.7 K.
  • Longitudinal-detected electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to probe electron spin properties.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear polarization enhancements between 100 and 600 were observed, reaching 38% polarization at 1.7 K and 7 T.
  • A strong temperature dependence of DNP profiles was noted, with broad lines at low temperatures and structured features at room temperature.
  • An additional temperature-dependent electron line was detected via EPR, potentially linked to clustered P1 centers or other nitrogen defects, affecting spectral asymmetry.

Conclusions:

  • 13C nuclei in diamond are primarily polarized through direct hyperfine-mediated polarization transfer.
  • Nuclear spin diffusion plays a minimal role in the observed polarization.
  • The findings provide insights into spin dynamics in diamond, relevant for DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy and quantum technologies.