Updated Review of Neurologic Concussion Biomarkers for Time-sensitive Point-of-care Testing

As traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) continue to rise annually, scientists are continuing to improve point-of-care (POC) testing, involved in TBI diagnosis. TBIs, having various levels of severity, are often misdiagnosed or overlooked, especially in acute mild TBI or concussion scenarios. At the POC, currently, medical professionals utilize neuroimaging, cognitive scales, and biomarker assays to diagnose concussions and other forms of TBI. However, many of these parameters hinder diagnostic value due to accessibility and time-sensitive restraints. After analyzing the profuse research surrounding time sensitive concussion biomarkers kinetics, in the National Institute of Health National Library of Medicine database, this review aims to compile all published research on concussion POC biomarkers, screened between 2022 and 2023. Commonly studied concussion POC biomarkers include ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, visinin-like protein-1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, tau, and neurofilament light chain. Each neurologic biomarker has various implications and limitations when characterizing TBI. Novel biomarkers and multimodal paired concussion parameter models are continuously being evaluated for their respective diagnostic strengths and weaknesses.