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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Competing Programs Shape Cortical Sensorimotor-Association Axis Development.

Jeremiah Tsyporin1, Menglei Zhang1, Cai Qi1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Multinodal Induction-Exclusion in Network Development (MIND) model explains how neocortical development patterns the sensorimotor-to-association (S-A) axis. Competing molecular programs of induction and exclusion shape brain networks and cognitive functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The neocortex exhibits a sensorimotor-to-association (S-A) axis, crucial for cognition, but its developmental underpinnings are unclear.
  • This axis ranges from primary sensorimotor areas to transmodal association areas supporting abstract thought.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the Multinodal Induction-Exclusion in Network Development (MIND) model, explaining neocortical S-A axis patterning.
  • To elucidate the molecular and connectional mechanisms driving this developmental process across species.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of multispecies transcriptomic and connectional data.
  • Investigated molecular programs (e.g., retinoic acid, SATB2, ZBTB18) and their roles in neocortical patterning.
  • Examined gene expression patterns (e.g., PLXNC1, SEMA7A) influencing connectivity.

Main Results:

  • The MIND model proposes that S-A patterning results from competing induction and exclusion programs originating from different cortical regions.
  • Pericentral programs, regulated by retinoic acid, spread inward, while central programs are induced by thalamocortical inputs, promoting primary areas and excluding others.
  • These antagonistic processes create spatial compartmentalization and shape cortico-cortical connectivity, establishing the S-A axis topography.

Conclusions:

  • The MIND model offers a unifying framework for understanding neocortical development, evolution, and clinical conditions.
  • Induction and exclusion are identified as fundamental, complementary principles governing the formation of processing hierarchies in the neocortex.