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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Quality of Water

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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

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Does crossing the pond affect crystal quality?

Christopher S Campomizzi1,2, M Elizabeth Snell1,2, Halina Mikolajek3,4

  • 1University at Buffalo Hauptman Woodward Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shipping protein crystals at room temperature (RT) for X-ray diffraction is feasible. Long-distance transport did not compromise crystal integrity or data quality, enabling broader access to RT crystallography.

Keywords:
Room-temperature crystallographyin-situ X-ray diffractionprotein crystal shipping

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Area of Science:

  • Structural Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Room-temperature (RT) X-ray diffraction is crucial for studying protein dynamics and fragment binding.
  • The Versatile Macromolecular Crystallography in situ (VMXi) beamline facilitates RT data collection directly from crystallization plates, preserving crystal integrity.
  • Established protocols exist for shipping cryo-cooled crystals, but the impact of shipping RT crystals remains unexamined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of long-distance shipping on protein crystals intended for RT X-ray diffraction.
  • To determine if ambient temperature shipment compromises crystal integrity and diffraction data quality.

Main Methods:

  • Protein crystals were grown on MiTeGen In Situ-1 plates at the University at Buffalo Hauptman Woodward Research Institute (UB-HWI).
  • Crystallization plates were shipped transatlantic to the Diamond Light Source (DLS) in the UK using the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) Blue Box Thermal Shipper.
  • RT X-ray diffraction data were collected at the VMXi beamline for both shipped and locally prepared crystals.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in data quality were observed between shipped RT crystals and those prepared on-site.
  • High-resolution protein structures were successfully determined from shipped crystals.
  • Long-distance shipping of RT crystals did not negatively impact diffraction quality.

Conclusions:

  • Long-distance shipping of protein crystals at ambient temperature is a viable method for RT X-ray diffraction.
  • This workflow expands global access to RT crystallography techniques, reducing the need for on-site crystal growth.
  • Researchers worldwide can leverage advanced RT crystallography without geographical limitations.