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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits
07:43

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

Published on: December 27, 2013

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Projection-Specific Intersectional Optogenetics for Precise Excitation and Inhibition in the Marmoset Brain.

Luke Shaw1, Krishnan Padmanabhan1, Amy Buckleaw1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new optogenetic method to precisely control specific neuron pathways in marmosets. This tool allows for targeted excitation and inhibition, advancing studies of brain circuits and higher-order functions.

Keywords:
Cre recombinaseDlx-enhancerIntersectional optogeneticsadeno-associated virusexcitation and inhibitionlaminar recordingmarmosetsprojection-specificretrograde labeling

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Primate research
  • Optogenetics

Background:

  • Primate cerebral cortex uses long-range connections for information integration.
  • Existing tools for modulating these pathways are limited.
  • Understanding these circuits is crucial for studying higher-order brain functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an optimized optogenetic strategy for precise modulation of projection-specific neurons in marmosets.
  • To enable selective excitation and inhibition of neural pathways.
  • To expand the toolkit for causal studies of primate brain function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an intersectional viral and optogenetic strategy.
  • Adapted a mouse-to-marmoset pipeline.
  • Employed retrograde delivery of Cre-recombinase (AAVretro-Cre) and locally injected Cre-dependent opsin vectors (AAV8-FLEx-ChR2 or Jaws).
  • Validated local cortical inhibition using AAV9-Dlx-ChR2.

Main Results:

  • Achieved directionally selective expression in callosal and frontoparietal pathways.
  • Demonstrated precise in vivo stimulation or suppression of projection neurons using dual-opsin co-expression.
  • Observed minimal off-target labeling.
  • Confirmed robust local cortical inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Established a scalable framework for projection-specific optogenetic interrogation of primate circuits.
  • Significantly enhanced anatomical precision and functional specificity in experimental tools.
  • Provides a powerful new method for causal investigations of brain function in primates.