Bayesian Nonparametrics for FRET using Realistic Integrative Detectors

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a widely used tool to probe nanometer scale dynamics, projecting rich 3D biomolecular motion onto noisy 1D traces. However, interpretation of FRET traces remains challenging due to degeneracy-distinct structural states map to similar FRET efficiencies- and often suffers from under- and/or over-fitting due to the need to predefine the number of FRET states and noise characteristics. Here we provide a new software, Bayesian nonparametric FRET (BNP-FRET) for binned data obtained from integrative detectors, that eliminates user-dependent parameters and accurately incorporates all known noise sources, enabling the identification of distinct configurations from 1D traces in a plug-n-play manner. Using simulated and experimental data, we demonstrate that BNP-FRET eliminates logistical barrier of predetermining states for each FRET trace and permits high-throughput, simultaneous analysis of a large number of kinetically heterogeneous traces. Furthermore, working in the Bayesian paradigm, BNP-FRET naturally provides uncertainty estimates for all model parameters including the number of states, kinetic rates, and FRET efficiencies.