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Related Concept Videos

Bioreactor Controls-II01:18

Bioreactor Controls-II

In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...
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Growth media provide essential nutrients that support cell growth and metabolism, thereby enhancing the yield of valuable products such as enzymes, antibiotics, and biomass. Designing an effective growth medium involves balancing all components to prevent nutrient limitations or toxic excesses, both of which can impair growth and reduce product yields.Composition of a Typical Growth MediumA typical growth medium contains carbon and nitrogen sources, salts, vitamins, trace elements, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Optimization of Renal Organoid and Organotypic Culture for Vascularization, Extended Development, and Improved Microscopy Imaging
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Simple 3D-Printed Stirred Bioreactor Enhances Retinal Organoid Production Via Improved Oxygenation.

Kyle H Schwab1,2, Philsang Hwang3, Ki Yoon Nam1

  • 1Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Static culture causes hypoxia in retinal organoids (ROs), hindering development. A novel 3D-printed stirred bioreactor (SBR) maintains physiological oxygen, improving RO yield, quality, and consistency.

Keywords:
BioreactorHuman-Induced Pluripotent Stem CellsMathematical ModelingOxygenationRetinal Organoid

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Retinal organoids (ROs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) model retinal development and disease.
  • Current static culture methods lead to inconsistent RO yield and quality due to batch variability.
  • Static cultures may create non-physiological hypoxic conditions detrimental to differentiating cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of oxygen levels on retinal organoid differentiation.
  • To develop a method to maintain physiological oxygen levels during RO culture.
  • To improve the consistency and quality of RO production.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of dissolved oxygen levels in static cultures during RO differentiation.
  • Development and implementation of a 3D-printed stirred bioreactor (SBR) for RO culture.
  • Assessment of organoid yield, quality, and cell viability under different oxygen conditions.

Main Results:

  • Static culture rapidly induced severe hypoxia (< 1% oxygen) within hours of media change.
  • Hypoxia led to optic vesicle degeneration, increased hypoxic marker expression, and cell necrosis.
  • The SBR maintained physiological oxygen levels (~4-6%), significantly improving RO yield, quality, and reproducibility.

Conclusions:

  • Non-physiological hypoxia is a critical, previously unrecognized factor limiting RO production consistency and quality.
  • The novel SBR platform effectively mitigates hypoxia, enabling reliable and improved RO generation.
  • This approach offers a scalable solution for consistent production of high-quality retinal organoids for research and therapeutic applications.