The naming of disoriented letters by normal and reading-disabled children

Normal and reading-disabled children, 11-13 years old, named the letters F, G and R, presented in normal and backward versions, in varying angular orientations, in left and right visual fields. Both groups were faster at naming the normal than the backward letters, even though mental rotation was evidently not required. The results also offered no support for Orton's theory concerning the interrelations between mirror-image equivalence, hemispheric differences and reading disability. The only measures unrelated to reading itself that discriminated the groups were digit span and a special difficulty among the disabled readers in naming the letter G.