Berberine and its impact on breast cancer: unveiling key signalling pathways

Berberine, an isoquinoline derived alkaloid and phytochemical, isolated from barberry and other trees has been known for its medicinal value in Chinese and Indian folk medicine since ages. This short review sheds light on the present-day information on the activity of berberine in ameliorating breast cancer, by evaluation of the mechanisms involved at the cellular and molecular level. Its ability to interact with key receptors and effector proteins as well its role in modulating signalling pathways involving PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-ƙB, METTL3/FGF7 regulation, NLRP3 inflammasome and estrogen receptors have been discussed. Its efficacy in inducing apoptosis, arresting cell cycle, halting angiogenesis, cell proliferation and metastasis and reducing inflammation have been explored according to most recent understandings. The need for this review arises from the increasing interest in natural compounds with potential therapeutic applications, especially in breast cancer treatment which remains one of the most prevalent and challenging diseases globally, necessitating exploration of alternative and complementary treatment strategies. This review not only compiles the majority of the reported findings to date on the molecular mechanisms underlying berberine's anti-breast cancer effects but also explores its synergistic potential with various conventional anti-breast cancer drugs. Additionally, it discusses the limitations that restrict berberine's therapeutic application and examines strategies employed to enhance its efficacy. The study is aimed at bridging traditional medicinal knowledge with modern scientific advancements, fostering a deeper understanding of berberine's promise in breast cancer therapy.