Management of incontinence after classic bladder exstrophy closure

Classic bladder exstrophy presents a unique challenge for reconstructive surgeons given the significant alternations it has on normal pelvic anatomy. The ultimate goal of surgery, whether in one stage or more, is simple; close the bladder, reconstruct the bladder neck and urethra, and place the unit into a more orthotopic position deep in the pelvis, and establish normal genitalia. Despite significant improvements with the success of bladder exstrophy closure, a patient's ability to volitionally void and achieve urinary continence after initial closure remain an elusive «holy grail» for bladder exstrophy surgeons. After closure many patients will endure persistent urinary incontinence post exstrophy closure. In this review, we will discuss the conservative strategies and surgical options to facilitate continence in our bladder exstrophy patients. Regardless of surgical approach or initial outcome, all patients with bladder exstrophy require lifelong urologic follow-up.

A comprehensive search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL), and citation tracking platforms (Google Scholar and Web of Science) was performed. Keywords included Classic Bladder Exstrophy, Incontinence, behavioral therapy, urotherapy, biofeedback, bulking agents, artificial urinary sphincter, bladder neck reconstruction, bladder neck closure, urinary diversion.

Conservative measures such as behavioral therapy, physical therapy and uropsychological counseling should be first line for the treatment of urinary incontinence after exstrophy closure. These interventions along with maturation of the child and bladder growth can improve incontinence without surgery. Patients should be counseled on the limited success of bulking agents and significant risk of erosion with sphincters. Although success after bladder neck reconstruction or bladder neck closure with or without augmentation and catheterizable channel can be variable, these surgical options can be offered to patients that have exhausted conservative treatment strategies.

A patient's ability to volitionally void and achieve urinary continence remain an elusive goal for bladder exstrophy surgeons with many experiencing persistent urinary incontinence following exstrophy closure. Behavioral therapy, physical therapy and pyschological support should be provided to all bladder exstrophy patients and families. Giving children time to grow and mature can potentially facilitate continence without surgical intervention. If surgical intervention is pursued lifelong follow-up and monitoring is critical.