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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System
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Refractory solid condensation detected in an embedded protoplanetary disk.

M K McClure1, Merel Van't Hoff2,3, Logan Francis4

  • 1Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. mcclure@strw.leidenuniv.nl.

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|July 16, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astronomers detected the earliest moments of planet formation around protostar HOPS-315. This observation reveals the initial hot gas and solids necessary for building new planetary systems, similar to our own Solar System.

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Area of Science:

  • * Astronomy and Astrophysics
  • * Planetary Science
  • * Protoplanetary Disk Evolution

Background:

  • * Terrestrial planets form from interstellar and rocky solids originating from a hot, cooling gas.
  • * The initial high-temperature minerals recondensing from this gas mark the beginning of planet formation.
  • * The origin of this hot gas and its role in forming planets in other systems remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To detect and characterize the
  • t=0
  • moment of planet formation.
  • * To investigate the composition and origin of the initial building blocks of a new planetary system.
  • * To compare early solar system formation processes with those observed in other systems.

Main Methods:

  • * Observations of the young protostar HOPS-315 using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).
  • * Analysis of infrared and millimetre wavelength data to identify gas and mineral compositions.
  • * Comparison of observational data with condensation and disk structure models.

Main Results:

  • * Detection of a reservoir of warm silicon monoxide (SiO) gas and crystalline silicate minerals in the inner disk (within 2.2 AU) of HOPS-315.
  • * Identification of these materials as the initial building blocks for a new planetary system.
  • * Evidence suggests refractory solids analogous to those in our Solar System are forming.

Conclusions:

  • * The study provides the first astronomical detection of the 't=0' moment of planet formation.
  • * Inner disk environments are shaped by the sublimation of interstellar solids and subsequent recondensation of refractory materials.
  • * These processes occur on timescales comparable to refractory condensation in our Solar System, offering insights into planet formation universality.