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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
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Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hypertension.

Panagiotis Tsioufis1, Panagiotis Theofilis1, Kyriakos Dimitriadis1

  • 11st Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Inflammation is key to hypertension, a major cardiovascular risk factor. This review examines inflammatory biomarkers like CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, and their role in blood pressure regulation and hypertension progression.

Keywords:
C-reactive proteinPathogenesishypertensioninflammation index.inflammatory biomarkersprogression

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hypertension is a primary modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
  • The precise mechanisms driving hypertension are not fully elucidated.
  • Growing evidence implicates inflammation in hypertension's development and advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between inflammatory biomarkers and hypertension.
  • To explore the role of cytokines in hypertension-related vascular and renal dysfunction.
  • To discuss novel composite inflammatory biomarkers and their clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating inflammatory biomarkers in hypertension.
  • Analysis of the role of specific cytokines (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) in blood pressure regulation.
  • Evaluation of emerging composite inflammatory indices (MHR, SIRI, SII).

Main Results:

  • Inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α) are linked to hypertension.
  • These biomarkers actively contribute to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immune activation.
  • Novel composite biomarkers show promise in assessing inflammation in hypertensive patients.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammation is a significant factor in hypertension pathogenesis.
  • Cytokines are crucial in vascular remodeling and renal dysfunction associated with hypertension.
  • Further research is needed on the impact of treatments like renal denervation on inflammatory markers.