Dialectics of Antimicrobial Peptides I: Common Mechanisms of Offensive and Protecting Roles of Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have intrigued researchers for decades due to the contradiction between their high potential against resistant bacteria and the inability to find a structure-function relationship for the development of an effective and nontoxic agent. In the present study and the companion paper (Kondrashov, O. V., et al. Langmuir 2025, DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c00963), we performed a comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of various aspects of AMP-membrane interactions and AMP-induced pore formation. Using the well-known melittin and magainin as examples, we showed, using patch-clamp and fluorescence measurements, that these peptides, even at nanomolar concentrations, modify the membrane by making it permeable to protons but not to ions and protect the membrane from large pore formation after subsequent addition of 20-fold higher concentrations of AMPs. This protective effect is independent of the membrane side (or both sides) of the peptide addition and is determined by the peptide-induced deformation of the membrane. Peptides create small, H⁺-permeable pores that continuously connect the opposing membrane leaflets, allowing translocation of peptides and lipids and thus preventing further generation of a large lateral pressure/tension imbalance. At the same time, such an imbalance is key to the formation of peptide-induced pores at high AMP concentrations, with the main contribution coming from single-ion-conducting events rather than stable channel-like structures. Therefore, our results suggest that decreasing the AMP concentration, which is a common principle to reduce toxicity, may actually make bacteria resistant to AMP. However, a protective pretreatment with nanomolar concentrations of peptides may be the key to protect eukaryotic cells from the disruption at high concentrations of AMPs.