Timing and Protocols for Microbiome Intervention in Surgical Patients: A Literature Review of Current Evidence

Managing the gut microbiome with a personalized approach can significantly improve surgical outcomes, leading to reduced risk of infections, improved immune function, faster recovery and healing, and decreased risk of postoperative complications. This review explores microbiome-based interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, and their roles in perioperative, preoperative, and postoperative care. Electronic databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were searched using topic-related keywords and MeSH terms. The literature search was limited to English-language peer-reviewed articles within the last 10 years, but the majority of the literature was from the last five years. Microbiome interventions have been associated with reduced postoperative complications and enhanced recovery times. The study found that changing the gut microbiome in specific ways, like using probiotics and synbiotics before and after surgery, can lead to better surgical results. For example, these treatments can lower the risk of infection at the surgery site by 40%-80% compared to standard care, help patients recover their bowel function one to two days faster, and reduce hospital stays by up to 30%. They also decrease levels of important inflammation markers like IL-6 and CRP. Using probiotics and synbiotics before surgery and continuing them for two weeks can lower infection rates and enhance recovery while managing inflammation. The beneficial effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics support their use as effective strategies in perioperative care. However, people react differently to probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics because of factors like genetics, age, hormonal differences between sexes, and variations in gut microbiota based on race. Future research should focus on developing personalized microbiome-based interventions and establishing standardized protocols tailored to individual patient characteristics to enhance their effectiveness.