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Analgesia and Pain Management

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...

Pain

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...

Nociception

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...

Thermosensation

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Published on: January 21, 2020

Sigma‑2 Receptor/Transmembrane Protein 97 in Pain Modulation: Tracing Historical Roots and Current Research

Veronica M Hong^1,2, Avaneesh Rade^1,2, Amulya Bhaskara^1,2

¹Department of Neuroscience, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States.

ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science

|July 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The sigma-2 receptor/transmembrane protein 97 (σ₂R/TMEM97) shows potential for chronic pain management. Research highlights its role in pain modulation, offering a novel nonopioid therapeutic target.

Keywords:

drug discovery pain sigma-2 receptor/Tmem97

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Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Neuroscience
Pain Research

Background:

The sigma-2 receptor/transmembrane protein 97 (σ₂R/TMEM97) is implicated in various diseases.
Chronic pain necessitates novel nonopioid therapeutic strategies.
Understanding σ₂R/TMEM97's role in pain is crucial for developing new treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the therapeutic potential of σ₂R/TMEM97 for chronic pain management.
To explore the current research on σ₂R/TMEM97's involvement in pain modulation.
To discuss potential mechanisms of action for σ₂R/TMEM97 in pain.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical and current research on σ₂R/TMEM97.
Synthesis of existing data on σ₂R/TMEM97's role in pain modulation.
Analysis of σ₂R/TMEM97's biological activities in other contexts.

Main Results:

σ₂R/TMEM97 is a promising target for nonopioid pain management.
Current research indicates a significant role for σ₂R/TMEM97 in pain modulation.
Insights from other biological contexts suggest potential mechanisms of action.

Conclusions:

σ₂R/TMEM97 represents a novel therapeutic target for chronic pain.
Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of σ₂R/TMEM97 in pain.
Identifying knowledge gaps will guide future investigations into σ₂R/TMEM97 for pain relief.