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A Multilevel Approach to Understanding the Determinants of Maternal Harsh Parenting: the Importance of Maternal Age

Laura Farley1, Bonamy R Oliver2, Alison Pike3

  • 1Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB UK.

Journal of Child and Family Studies
|July 17, 2025
PubMed

Determinants of parenting are most often considered using one child per family within a cross-sectional design. In 182 families, the current study included two siblings and sought to predict maternal harsh parenting measured prospectively when each child was age 2 years from child gender, infant temperament, maternal age, maternal educational attainment, maternal depression and anxiety and maternal perceptions of partner support. Multilevel modeling was used to examine between- and within-family variance simultaneously. Mothers reported levels of harsh parenting that were similar towards both children (intraclass correlation = 0.69). Thus, the majority of variance in maternal perceptions of their harsh parenting resided between rather than within families and was accounted for in part by maternal age and maternal perceptions of partner support. Results are discussed in relation to family-wide determinants of harsh parenting, previous literature pertaining to parenting siblings and the potential avenues for future research and practice.

Keywords:
ALSPACHarsh disciplineMultilevel modelingParentingPartner support

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