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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

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Published on: January 28, 2021

Terpene-Centered Olfactory Training in Postinfectious Olfactory Dysfunction: A Dual-Route Approach.

Aytug Altundag¹, Emirhan Harbi¹, Melih Cayonu²

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye.

The Laryngoscope

|July 17, 2025

Summary

A novel dual-route olfactory training method, incorporating retronasal stimulation and terpene-based odorants, significantly improved outcomes for patients with postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) compared to traditional methods.

Keywords:

anosmia cognitive failure olfactory training parosmia postinfectious olfactory dysfunction retronasal terpene

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Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Otolaryngology
Olfactory Dysfunction Research

Background:

Postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) presents a significant challenge in olfactory rehabilitation.
Conventional olfactory training (COT) protocols have limitations in addressing the complexity of olfactory pathways.
The neurotherapeutic potential of specific odorants, such as terpenes, warrants further investigation in PIOD management.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy of classical olfactory training (COT) with a novel dual-route method (TCOT) for PIOD.
To investigate the impact of integrating retronasal stimulation and terpene-based odorants in olfactory training.
To assess the neurotherapeutic effects of terpene-rich odorants on olfactory and cognitive functions in PIOD patients.

Main Methods:

One hundred seventeen patients with PIOD were randomized into COT or a modified dual-route protocol (TCOT).
The TCOT protocol integrated both orthonasal and retronasal olfactory stimulation using terpene-based odorants.
Olfactory function (Sniffin' Sticks TDI, odor identification), parosmia severity, and cognitive complaints (CFQ-5) were assessed over 12 months.

Main Results:

The Terpene-Centered Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfactory Training (TCOT) group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in TDI and odor identification scores at 9 and 12 months (p < 0.001).
Retronasal olfactory scores and clinically meaningful TDI gains (≥6 points) were significantly higher in the TCOT group.
TCOT participants showed the most substantial reductions in parosmia severity and cognitive complaints (CFQ-5 scores) compared to control groups.

Conclusions:

Integrating retronasal olfactory training and terpene-rich odorants enhances olfactory rehabilitation outcomes in PIOD.
The TCOT approach offers a promising multimodal strategy for managing postinfectious olfactory dysfunction.
Terpene-centered, dual-route olfactory training should be considered for clinical application in PIOD rehabilitation.