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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter synthesized by enterochromaffin cells, plays a cardinal role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. With over 90% of the body's total serotonin in the GI tract, its influence on digestive processes is profound. Serotonin is swiftly released upon various stimuli, such as food boluses or certain drugs, triggering intrinsic sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus and extrinsic vagal and spinal sensory neurons. This leads to the activation of the...
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Brainstem01:19

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The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
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Spinally projecting serotonergic neurons in motor network modulation.

Marie-Claude Perreault1, C J Heckman2, Andrea Giorgi1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinally projecting serotonergic (5-HTsp) neurons influence movement control. Direct evidence of their specific roles in sensorimotor circuits is limited, necessitating further research into their distinct functions.

Keywords:
raphespinalreticulospinalsensory afferentsspinal interneuronsspinal motoneurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Spinally projecting serotonergic (5-HTsp) neurons in the brainstem are implicated in motor control.
  • Their influence on spinal sensorimotor networks is suggested but largely inferred from indirect evidence.
  • Limited direct studies exist on the specific anatomical and functional connectivity of 5-HTsp neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of 5-HTsp neuron anatomy and their influence on sensorimotor circuits.
  • To highlight the need for direct evidence regarding the distinct roles of 5-HTsp neuron subpopulations.
  • To integrate findings into models of motor control and diseases like Parkinson's and ALS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the past six decades focusing on direct manipulation of 5-HTsp neurons.
  • Exclusion of studies relying solely on exogenous serotonin (5-HT) application.
  • Analysis of anatomical and functional data on 5-HTsp neuron populations.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests 5-HTsp neurons widely influence spinal sensorimotor networks via various serotonin receptor subtypes.
  • Direct functional and anatomical data on specific 5-HTsp neuron subpopulations remain limited.
  • Existing research often relies on indirect methods, leading to potential discrepancies.

Conclusions:

  • The precise contributions of 5-HTsp neurons to motor control require further elucidation through direct experimental approaches.
  • Understanding the heterogeneity of 5-HTsp neurons is crucial for refining models of motor control.
  • New research tools may help address knowledge gaps concerning 5-HTsp neuron function in health and disease.