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Complex traces: Examining morbidity and mortality among 19th Century migrants to South Australia using a Complex
Angela Gurr1, Matthew Brook O'Donnell2, Alan Henry Brook1
1Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Plos One
|July 17, 2025
Summary
A Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) approach integrating bioarchaeological and historical data offers a holistic view of 19th-century migrant health in South Australia. This method reveals health challenges and emergent outcomes beyond individual data sources.
Area of Science:
- Bioarchaeology
- Historical Demography
- Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)
Background:
- Interpreting diverse data in multidisciplinary research necessitates a complexity approach.
- A Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) framework facilitates exploration of multifactorial relationships for nuanced understanding.
Purpose of the Study:
- To demonstrate the benefits of a CAS approach combining bioarchaeological and historical data.
- To examine the health of 19th-century migrants to South Australia using skeletal and archival records.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of skeletal remains (macroscopic, radiographic, micro-CT) from 19th-century migrants.
- Examination of historical records: British emigrant ship logs (1836-1885 CE) and church burial records (1847-1885 CE).
Main Results:
- Skeletal evidence indicated poor oral and general health, including dental defects and bone pathologies (joint, infectious diseases, metabolic deficiencies).
- Historical records detailed challenging sea voyages with high mortality, and in the Colony, varied causes of death (adults: accidents, tuberculosis; non-adults: similar to sea voyage deaths).
Conclusions:
- The CAS approach provided insights into emergent health outcomes influenced by economic, political, and ideological factors.
- The CAS framework is a valuable methodology for interpreting historical and contemporary health patterns.
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