Biofortified Bacteria: The Role of Selenium-Enriched Microorganisms in Enhancing Animal Selenium Uptake-A Review

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient involved in numerous physiological processes, including antioxidant defence, immune regulation and reproductive health. While inorganic Se sources have traditionally been used to supplement animal diets, organic forms such as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) are increasingly preferred due to their superior bioavailability, retention and biological efficacy. This review explores the emerging potential of Se-enriched microorganisms, particularly bacteria, as a novel and sustainable strategy for organic Se supplementation in livestock (poultry and ruminant) nutrition. Recent advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have enabled the development of engineered bacterial strains capable of enhancing Se uptake, transformation and accumulation. These microbial platforms can biosynthesise a wide range of bioavailable Se compounds, including SeMet, SeCys, Se-(methyl)selenocysteine and nano-Se, which are more efficiently incorporated into animal tissues. Engineered bacteria can also be tailored through modular genetic circuits, Se-responsive biosensors and controlled biotransformation pathways to produce high-value Se species for diverse applications in animal agriculture, biomedicine and environmental remediation. However, key challenges remain, including optimizing strain selection, fermentation processes, biosafety, regulatory compliance and demonstrating efficacy through long-term feeding trials under varied conditions. Addressing these challenges is essential for translating laboratory success into practical and scalable applications. A concerted research effort is needed to explore the untapped potential of Se-enriched bacteria, refine production platforms and evaluate their impact on animal performance, immune function, product quality and environmental Se management. With interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation, Se-enriched bacteria could play a transformative role in advancing precision nutrition, improving animal and human health and mitigating global Se deficiencies more safely and sustainably.