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Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
Published on: July 29, 2014
Exploring Beyond Mu: Nonopioid Analgesics
Brittany A Henault1, Katrina M Dean2, Jeffrey J Bettinger3
1Department of Pharmacy, Wilkes Barre VA Medical Center Pharmacy Department, 1111 East End Blvd, Wilkes Barre, PA 18711, USA.
Abstract:
Pain remains one of the most common reasons patients seek medical care with rates of chronic pain affecting 20.6% of the US population. The polarizing narrative around opioid prescribing has been accompanied by the publishing and revision of several related guidelines. Certainly, a common theme amongst these publications is the importance of nonopioid analgesics as first-line treatments of chronic pain. This underscores the importance for providers to have a sound understanding of analgesic pharmacology when considering patient-centered approaches to pain. This includes consideration of drug-drug interactions, drug-comorbidity interactions, contraindications and metabolism including pathways using the phase 1 cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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