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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Is There a Role for Acute or Chronic Opioid Therapy?

Savannah R Whitfield1, Narayan R Kissoon2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Neurologic Clinics
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Responsible opioid use in pain management is crucial. Prescribe opioids only when other treatments fail, ensuring thorough patient assessment to balance efficacy and safety for better pain relief.

Keywords:
Acute opioid therapyChronic opioid therapyClinical opioid usageOpioid prescribingOpioid stewardshipPain management strategies

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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Opioid medications are frequently prescribed for pain relief.
  • Concerns exist regarding the risks associated with opioid use, including addiction and overdose.
  • Evolving guidelines aim to optimize opioid prescribing practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the necessity of judicious opioid use in pain management.
  • To emphasize the importance of comprehensive patient evaluation for balancing benefits and risks.
  • To discuss current guidelines and risk mitigation strategies for opioid prescribing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current opioid prescribing practices.
  • Analysis of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Guidelines for opioid prescribing.
  • Discussion of alternative pain management modalities.

Main Results:

  • Opioid prescriptions should be reserved for cases where alternative therapies are ineffective.
  • Nonopioid medications, physical therapy, and exercise are vital components of comprehensive pain management.
  • Continuous patient evaluation and risk mitigation are essential for safe and effective care.

Conclusions:

  • Reasonable opioid use is necessary, prioritizing nonopioid options first.
  • A comprehensive approach to pain management involves careful patient assessment and risk management.
  • Adherence to updated guidelines promotes safer opioid prescribing and improved patient outcomes.