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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library
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Genome-wide Screen for miRNA Targets Using the MISSION Target ID Library

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Advances in microRNA promoting gene expression.

Xiao Zhang1, Yan Yu1, Yong Ning1

  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Yi Chuan = Hereditas
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that traditionally inhibit gene expression. Emerging research reveals miRNAs can also activate gene expression through novel mechanisms, expanding their regulatory roles.

Keywords:
activationmiRNAstarget gene

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs (20-24 nucleotides).
  • Traditionally, miRNAs are known for negative gene regulation via mRNA translation inhibition or degradation.
  • The established miRNA regulatory framework cannot account for observed positive gene regulation roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological characteristics and functions of miRNAs.
  • To explore novel mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation.
  • To provide insights for future miRNA research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on miRNA functions.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying both negative and positive gene regulation by miRNAs.
  • Examination of factors influencing miRNA activity, including subcellular localization and physiological conditions.

Main Results:

  • MiRNAs exhibit diverse regulatory functions beyond simple gene silencing.
  • Novel mechanisms include enhancer/promoter-mediated transcriptional activation and UTR-mediated translational activation.
  • Subcellular distribution and physiological context significantly impact miRNA function.

Conclusions:

  • The role of miRNAs in gene regulation is more complex than previously understood.
  • MiRNAs can actively promote gene expression through newly identified pathways.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the multifaceted functions of miRNAs.