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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

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[Hydraulically controlled isokinetic strength testing].

Jan Schröder1, Miriam Knauer2, Gunnar Liedtke2

  • 1Institut für Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Hamburg, Turmweg 2, Hamburg, Deutschland. jan.schroeder@uni-hamburg.de.

Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany)
|July 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Isokinetic dynamometry offers greater reliability and time efficiency for strength testing compared to isometric methods. Mode-specific differences in trunk and knee flexion-extension ratios necessitate distinct benchmark values for clinical application.

Keywords:
Cross sectional analysisIsometric contractionMuscle strengthReference valuesTorque

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology
  • Neuromuscular Function Assessment
  • Rehabilitation Science

Context:

  • Hydraulically controlled dynamometers enable isokinetic strength testing, characterized by constant movement velocity.
  • Limited comparative data exists between isokinetic and isometric strength testing modalities.
  • This study investigates trunk and knee strength, focusing on maximum torques and flexion-extension ratios.

Purpose:

  • To establish reference values and assess reliability for isokinetic trunk and knee strength testing.
  • To compare isokinetic dynamometry with isometric strength testing regarding reliability and time economy.
  • To analyze flexion-extension ratios for both trunk and knee across different testing modes.

Summary:

  • Isokinetic testing demonstrated superior reliability (ICC3.k 0.736-0.933) and was 50% faster than isometric testing (ICC3.k 0.550-0.899).
  • Flexion-extension ratios approximated 2:3 for isokinetic and isometric trunk tests, but differed for isometric knee tests (approx. 1:2).
  • Mode-specific differences were observed, particularly in flexion-extension ratios, indicating non-interchangeability.

Impact:

  • Provides device-specific benchmark values for isokinetic and isometric strength testing in clinical settings.
  • Highlights the time-saving and reliability advantages of isokinetic dynamometry.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding the interpretation of strength testing results and the selection of appropriate testing protocols.