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Multiple forms of balancing selection maintain inversion polymorphism.

Margot Paris1, Esra Durmaz Mitchell1,2, Envel Kerdaffrec1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Heredity
|July 17, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Balanced inversion polymorphisms, like In(3R)Payne in D. melanogaster, affect fitness traits. Overdominance and complex interactions maintain these polymorphisms, revealing diverse balancing selection mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Balanced inversion polymorphisms are common but their effects on fitness are poorly understood.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for explaining their maintenance as protected polymorphisms.
  • The cosmopolitan inversion In(3R)Payne in D. melanogaster serves as a model system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the In(3R)Payne inversion polymorphism on various fitness-related traits in D. melanogaster.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms maintaining this balanced polymorphism.

Main Methods:

  • Phenotypic analysis of fitness components across different life stages and environmental conditions.
  • Comparison of fitness traits between standard (STD) and inverted (INV) chromosomal arrangements.
  • Assessment of dominance, overdominance, and genotype-by-environment interactions.

Main Results:

  • The STD and INV arrangements act as supergene alleles influencing complex phenotypes.
  • STD generally confers fitness advantages (size, reproduction, stress resistance, lifespan), while INV shows fitness costs.
  • Overdominance was observed for egg hatchability, survival rates, developmental time, and male desiccation resistance.
  • Trait-, sex-, and temperature-dependent dominance and genotype-by-environment interactions were detected.

Conclusions:

  • The In(3R)Payne inversion polymorphism is maintained by multiple forms of balancing selection, including heterotic effects (overdominance) and potentially antagonistic selection.
  • Complex interactions, including context-specific dominance and parental effects, contribute to the maintenance of this polymorphism.
  • These findings highlight the intricate genetic and environmental factors shaping the evolution of balanced polymorphisms.