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Phantom oceans restructure bat communities.

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Ocean sounds significantly influence bat activity and community structure. Different bat species respond uniquely to varying soundscapes, impacting their distribution and foraging behaviors in coastal habitats.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Coastal areas are dominated by intense natural ocean sounds, primarily breaking waves.
  • The ecological impact of natural soundscapes on animal distribution, behavior, and community structure is understudied.
  • Understanding how acoustic environments shape wildlife is crucial for conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of ocean soundscapes on bat activity and distribution.
  • To determine how different species of bats respond to varying levels and frequencies of ocean noise.
  • To explore the role of natural sounds as a habitat feature influencing community composition.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified bat activity across 19 sites with varying exposure to surf sounds over three seasons.
  • Conducted large-scale playback experiments using realistic coastal soundscapes and spectrally shifted surf sounds.
  • Analyzed species-specific responses in relation to their acoustic foraging strategies (passive listening vs. echolocation).

Main Results:

  • Bat species exhibited divergent responses to acoustic environments, linked to their foraging niches.
  • Passive listening bats showed reduced activity in high sound levels but increased activity in high-frequency soundscapes.
  • Aerial hawking bats were more active in high sound levels and avoided high-frequency environments.
  • Playback experiments revealed community turnover: passive listening species replaced hawking species with shifted sounds.
  • Unaltered ocean sounds decreased species richness as passive listening bats avoided these sites.

Conclusions:

  • Natural ocean sounds are a significant, yet overlooked, habitat feature shaping species distributions.
  • Acoustic environments act as a non-random filter, influencing the structure and composition of ecological communities.
  • Species-specific responses to soundscapes highlight the importance of acoustic niche partitioning in community assembly.