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Related Concept Videos

Social Traps01:41

Social Traps

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Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 15, 2025

Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street
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Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street

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A Stated Preference Study to Explore Market-Based Instruments to Reduce Car Usage.

Christopher Tate1, Alberto Longo1, Marco Boeri2,3

  • 1Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Science B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BA UK.

Environmental & Resource Economics
|July 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Public preferences show a willingness-to-pay for improved public transport to reduce car dependency. The median willingness-to-accept £3 to reduce car use weekly, though costs outweigh benefits.

Keywords:
Car usageContingent valuationDiscrete choice experimentMarket-based instrumentsStated preference methods

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Area of Science:

  • Urban planning and transportation economics.
  • Environmental policy and public welfare.

Background:

  • Increasing car dependency poses challenges for urban mobility and congestion.
  • Policymakers need effective strategies to balance mobility needs with sustainability goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate public preferences for measures reducing car usage.
  • To assess willingness-to-pay (WTP) for congestion charges and willingness-to-accept (WTA) incentives for reduced car use.
  • To calculate economic benefits of reduced car usage.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional survey of 773 car owners in Belfast, UK.
  • Discrete choice experiment to determine WTP for congestion charges.
  • Contingent valuation to assess WTA monetary incentives for car use reduction.

Main Results:

  • WTP for policy measures ranged from £2.12 to £11, with highest value for public transport improvements.
  • Median WTA to reduce car usage by one day/week was £3.
  • Estimated economic benefits of £3.83m from reduced emissions and casualties, but outweighed by costs.

Conclusions:

  • Public supports policies enhancing public transport to curb car use.
  • Monetary incentives can influence car usage reduction, but cost-benefit analysis is crucial.
  • Targeted policies are needed to foster sustainable urban mobility.