From barriers to breakthroughs: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in targeting the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises various components that critically influence cancer progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy, making it a key focus for developing innovative cancer treatments. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have gained attention as a promising drug delivery platform due to their unique properties, such as high surface area, adjustable pore size, and ease of functionalization. This review delves into the intricate relationship between the TME and cancer progression, emphasizing the physiological and biochemical barriers that impede effective drug delivery. We explore the latest developments in MSN-based approaches aimed at modulating the TME. These strategies focus on mitigating hypoxia, counteracting acidic pH levels, disrupting the tumor vasculature, and targeting key stromal elements such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Additionally, we investigate the potential of MSNs to suppress the Warburg effect and enhance immunotherapy outcomes. By addressing these critical challenges, MSNs offer a highly adaptable platform for enhancing the specificity and effectiveness of cancer therapeutics. This review underscores the groundbreaking potential of MSNs in reconfiguring the TME and driving progress in personalized cancer treatment strategies.