Cardiac biomarkers as predictors of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative conditions

The intricate relationship between cardiovascular health and cognitive function has emerged as a critical area of research in neurodegenerative diseases. This review explored the role of cardiac biomarkers as predictors of cognitive decline, elucidating the types, mechanisms, and clinical implications of these molecular indicators. We examined established biomarkers such as troponins, natriuretic peptides, and C-reactive protein, as well as emerging soluble biomarkers and microRNAs. The mechanisms linking cardiac dysfunction to cognitive decline were discussed, including vascular damage, neuroinflammation, and neurohormonal imbalances. Evidence from clinical studies demonstrated associations between elevated cardiac biomarkers and structural brain changes, as well as a decline in memory and executive function. Despite promising findings, current research faces limitations, including population-specific biases, limited biomarker diversity, and incomplete understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms. We highlighted the clinical implications of incorporating cardiac biomarkers into cognitive health assessments, emphasizing their potential for early detection, risk stratification, and personalized management strategies. The integration of cardiac biomarkers with neuroimaging, genetic data, and neuropsychological assessments is recognized to offer a comprehensive approach to managing high-risk populations. Looking ahead, we identified key areas for future research, including the need for large-scale, longitudinal studies across diverse populations, the exploration of novel biomarkers, and the application of artificial intelligence to enhance predictive models. The potential of cardiac biomarkers in public health initiatives and preventive screening programs was also discussed. Cardiac biomarkers represent a vital link between heart and brain health, offering valuable insights into the complex pathways of cognitive deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases. Their integration into clinical practice holds promise for improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals at risk of, or suffering from, cognitive decline worldwide.