Loneliness, Theory of Mind, and Artificial Intelligence

Philosophy and neurobiology can guide the integration of smart machines in initiatives intended to address the epidemic of loneliness in the aging population. Behaviorism and functionalism assume that AI systems can develop empathy-like functions. Property dualism posits that consciousness is an emergent function that depends on, but supervenes, its underlying neurobiological functions. Emergent functions occur in biology and, theoretically, they may occur in artificial systems. Therefore, advanced AI systems may develop intentionality, and agency, functions beyond those planned by their designers. Therefore, guidelines are needed for protection of humans and especially older adults with cognitive and cultural limitations related to technology. For AI systems to be helpful in mitigating loneliness, they should have capabilities similar to those of theory of mind functions (ToM), that allow an individual to identify emotions, intentions, and wishes of him/herself and of others and recognize to whom they belong. Cognitive and neurobiological studies show that ToM are disrupted in persons experiencing loneliness. AI systems with ToM functions may produce empathy-like responses appropriate for mitigating loneliness. Smart technology can be most effective against loneliness if integrated in the fabric of social and clinical interventions. Acceptance of technology by geriatric clinicians is critical, because they are best equipped to guide the targeted use of smart machines, prevent complications (e.g. countertherapeutic transference towards the machine), and correct the course of interventions. Neurobiology related to ToM functions and to prolonged grief disorder may guide research examining whether digital interventions can change neural functions related to loneliness and psychopathology.