Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

3.1K
MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
3.1K
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

7.0K
PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
7.0K
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

5.7K
The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
5.7K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

23.5K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
23.5K
Bacterial Protein Maturation01:26

Bacterial Protein Maturation

89
Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
89
RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

33.9K
Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
33.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Author Correction: Quantification and transcriptome profiling reveal abundant, dynamic and translatable dephospho-CoA-capped RNAs.

Nature biotechnology·2026
Same author

ATXR5 and ATXR6 restrict meiotic crossover formation within heterochromatin in Arabidopsis.

Journal of integrative plant biology·2026
Same author

Quantification and transcriptome profiling reveal abundant, dynamic and translatable dephospho-CoA-capped RNAs.

Nature biotechnology·2026
Same author

Soybean RNA polymerases IV and V repress defense response genes and plant immunity.

The Plant cell·2026
Same author

Key RNA elements influencing DCL1 cleavage in plant microRNA biogenesis.

Nature plants·2025
Same author

A PHR transcription factor-directed gene network reveals key regulators of phosphate metabolism and starvation responses in tomato.

The Plant cell·2025
Same journal

How proteins fold.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Reply to 'Single-cell evidence for PANoptosome complexes'.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Plucking cellular ribosomes with Ribo-Tweezer.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

COPII meets autophagy at the ER membrane.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
Same journal

Diapause presses pause on life's developmental and ageing clock.

Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

2.6K

Plant microRNA maturation and function.

Yu Yu1,2, Han Wang3, Chenjiang You4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research, Peking-Tsinghua Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. yuyu@pku.edu.cn.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|July 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. This review details recent advances in understanding miRNA biogenesis, function, localization, and intercellular movement, offering new hypotheses for future research.

More Related Videos

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
06:48

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 16, 2022

2.1K
Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.
11:51

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.

Published on: May 11, 2020

3.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 14, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

2.6K
A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
06:48

A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 16, 2022

2.1K
Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.
11:51

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.

Published on: May 11, 2020

3.3K

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Gene regulation
  • RNA biology

Background:

  • Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) discovered in 2002 regulate gene expression.
  • Key aspects include encoding genes, target regulation, biogenesis, and effector proteins.
  • Previous work established miRNA roles in target recognition, action modes, localization, and mobility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent mechanistic insights into plant miRNA biology.
  • To discuss miRNA maturation, ARGONAUTE (AGO) protein loading, and subcellular localization.
  • To explore miRNA movement within and between plant cells and connections to translation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of mechanistic studies on miRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Discussion of experimental and theoretical models of miRNA trafficking and activity.

Main Results:

  • New insights into miRNA processing, AGO loading, and subcellular partitioning (nucleus vs. cytoplasm).
  • Understanding how subcellular localization influences miRNA intercellular mobility.
  • Emerging evidence links miRNA activity to the translation process.

Conclusions:

  • Plant miRNA pathways are complex, involving intricate regulation of maturation and localization.
  • Subcellular dynamics significantly impact miRNA function and systemic signaling in plants.
  • Future research should focus on testing hypotheses regarding miRNA-translation interactions and mobility mechanisms.