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Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

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Rethinking causal inference for recurring exposures: The incremental propensity score approach with lavaan.

Wen Wei Loh¹, Dongning Ren², Yves Rosseel³

¹Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. wenwei.loh@outlook.com.

Behavior Research Methods

|July 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Evaluating recurring exposure effects is difficult. The incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI) offers a realistic method to assess how changing exposure likelihood impacts outcomes, improving causal inference for complex scenarios.

Keywords:

Causal inference Incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI)Longitudinal data Potential outcomes Time-varying or treatment-dependent confounding

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Area of Science:

Causal Inference
Epidemiology
Psychological Science

Background:

Assessing causal effects of recurring exposures (e.g., family violence) on behavioral and psychological outcomes presents significant challenges.
Conventional methods often rely on unrealistic assumptions and target causally irrelevant quantities, limiting practical application.
Existing approaches struggle with situations where past exposures predict future ones, hindering accurate estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce the incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI) as a novel approach for causal inference with recurring exposures.
Develop a practical estimation procedure for IPSI using lavaan, a widely adopted structural equation modeling software.
Demonstrate IPSI's utility in a real-world study on family violence and adolescent depression.

Main Methods:

The study introduces the incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI) framework.
An estimation procedure is developed utilizing lavaan for structural equation modeling.
The method is applied to a dataset examining recurring family violence and its impact on adolescent depression.

Main Results:

The incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI) provides a more realistic approach to causal inference for recurring exposures.
The developed estimation procedure facilitates the application of IPSI in empirical research.
The study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of IPSI in understanding complex exposure-outcome relationships.

Conclusions:

The incremental propensity score intervention (IPSI) offers a more flexible and meaningful way to draw causal conclusions about recurring exposures compared to conventional methods.
IPSI requires fewer assumptions, making it applicable to a wider range of real-world scenarios.
This novel approach enhances the ability to investigate the causal impact of recurring exposures on behavioral and psychological outcomes.