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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people is called prosocial behavior. Why do people help other people? Is personal benefit such as feeling good about oneself the only reason people help one another?
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
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Effort Expenditure Reduces Prosocial Decision-Making: Computational Principles and Neural Mechanisms.

Yaxin Zhang1, Jiarui Dong1, Ningxuan Chen1,2

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.

Human Brain Mapping
|July 19, 2025
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Summary

Exerting effort makes people less charitable. Increased reward sensitivity and faster self-interest accumulation after effort lead to fewer donations, especially costly ones.

Keywords:
dictator gameeffortmonetary costprosocial behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Charitable giving is a costly prosocial behavior.
  • The impact of effort expenditure on prosocial decisions and its neurocognitive underpinnings are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how effort expenditure influences subsequent prosocial decisions.
  • To explore the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying effort-based prosocial behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted, employing cognitive modeling and electrophysiological recordings.
  • Participants performed tasks involving physical effort or rest, earned monetary rewards, and decided on donation acceptance at varying costs.

Main Results:

  • Participants were more likely to reject donation offers after exerting effort, particularly for higher costs.
  • Effort expenditure led to faster information accumulation and reduced evidence requirements in decision-making.
  • Electrophysiological data showed heightened reward-sensitive neural responses (reward positivity, fb-P3, fb-delta power) after effort.

Conclusions:

  • Effort expenditure amplifies reward sensitivity and expedites self-interest accumulation.
  • This process simplifies decision-making and strengthens self-focused choices, leading to reduced charitable giving.
  • Neurocognitive changes associated with effort directly correlate with decreased prosocial behavior.