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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Leukocytes01:30

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Leukocytes are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules. Granular leukocytes, which contain granules, belong to the myeloid lineage and are divided into three subtypes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells are roughly spherical and characterized by the granules in their cytoplasm.
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granular leukocytes, comprising 50-70% of all leukocytes. They feature small, evenly distributed granules and a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge
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Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

Published on: September 26, 2016

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Carrier-based granules vs aerobic granular sludge.

Daoqi Wu1, Xiaodi Hao1, Yingying Yan1

  • 1Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre of Future Urban Design, Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Beijing 100044, PR China.

Water Research
|July 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carrier-based granules (CBG) offer a stable, single-sludge alternative to aerobic granular sludge (AGS). CBG demonstrates superior pollutant removal and structural integrity, especially under stress.

Keywords:
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS)Carrier-based granules (CBG)Interfacial thermodynamicsMicrobial communityOrganic carriersPollutant removal

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Microbiology
  • Wastewater Treatment

Background:

  • Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is effective but can lack stability.
  • Carrier-based granules (CBG) offer similar functionality with enhanced stability.
  • Nutshells (NS) present a novel carrier material for CBG development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a single-sludge biofilm process using nutshells as carriers for CBG.
  • To evaluate the formation, performance, and stability of CBG.
  • To compare CBG with AGS, particularly under adverse conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized light organic nutshells (200-300 μm) as carriers.
  • Employed a selective wasting strategy by shortening settling time.
  • Analyzed biofilm formation, granule characteristics, pollutant removal, and microbial community.

Main Results:

  • CBG readily formed on nutshells, exhibiting AGS-like morphology.
  • CBG showed higher density (1028 ± 1.5 kg/m³), larger size (853 μm), and better settleability (SVI₃₀=27 mL/g).
  • Achieved high removal efficiencies: COD (93%), NH₄⁺-N (96%), PO₄³⁻-P (95%), with significant SND capacity.

Conclusions:

  • CBG is a stable and efficient alternative to AGS for wastewater treatment.
  • Enhanced stability is attributed to higher EPS content and microbial aggregation.
  • The process is robust, especially under low COD influent conditions, outperforming AGS.