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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Published on: April 30, 2019

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2023.

Cassandra Boutelle¹, Sarah Bonaparte¹, Lillian A Orciari²

¹1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, CDC, Atlanta, GA.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

|July 19, 2025

Summary

In 2023, US animal rabies cases increased by 5.1%, with wildlife comprising 91.8% of positive samples. No human rabies cases were reported in North America, highlighting successful public health efforts.

Keywords:

Rabies epidemiology public health surveillance zoonoses

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Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Veterinary Public Health
Zoonotic Disease Surveillance
Epidemiology

Background:

Rabies remains a significant global public health concern, necessitating continuous surveillance.
Understanding the epidemiology of animal rabies is crucial for preventing human transmission.
The National Rabies Surveillance System (NRSS) is vital for monitoring rabies trends in the United States.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the 2023 epidemiologic landscape of rabies and rabies testing in the US.
To provide an overview of rabies in Canada and Mexico for 2023.
To analyze trends in animal rabies cases by virus variant.

Main Methods:

Analysis of monthly animal rabies testing data from 54 US reporting jurisdictions collected by the NRSS.
Geographical and temporal analysis of reported animal rabies cases in 2023.
Review of rabies data from Canada and Mexico.

Main Results:

In 2023, 3,760 animal rabies cases were reported in the US, a 5.1% increase from 2022.
Wildlife accounted for 91.8% of positive rabies samples, with raccoons, bats, and cats being the most frequently affected.
No human rabies cases were reported in the US, Canada, or Mexico in 2023.

Conclusions:

Zero human rabies cases in North America signify a success for public and animal health programs.
Rabies exposure remains a threat, with translocation events posing unique risks.
Maintaining One Health reporting mechanisms is essential for safeguarding public and animal health.