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What is Weather?

What is Weather?

Global Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

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Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

What is Climate?

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving

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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

A data-to-forecast machine learning system for global weather.

Xiuyu Sun¹, Xiaohui Zhong², Xiaoze Xu^1,3,4

¹Shanghai Academy of Artificial Intelligence for Science, Shanghai, China.

Nature Communications

|July 19, 2025

Summary

FuXi Weather, a new machine learning system, provides reliable 10-day weather forecasts using less data. This advanced system improves forecasting in data-scarce regions, outperforming traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

Meteorology
Artificial Intelligence
Data Science

Background:

Traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) faces computational and resolution limitations.
Machine learning (ML) offers an alternative but often relies on NWP outputs.
Vast observational datasets remain underutilized in current forecasting systems.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce FuXi Weather, an ML-based global forecasting system.
Demonstrate its capability for cycling data assimilation (DA) and forecasting.
Highlight its performance in observation-sparse regions.

Main Methods:

Developed a machine learning-based global forecasting system (FuXi Weather).
Integrated multi-satellite data assimilation (DA) with cycling capabilities.
Utilized background forecasts to constrain analysis during DA.

Main Results:

FuXi Weather generates reliable 10-day forecasts at 0.25° resolution.
The system requires fewer observations compared to conventional NWP.
Outperformed ECMWF forecasts beyond day one in observation-sparse regions like central Africa.

Conclusions:

ML-based systems like FuXi Weather can enhance global weather forecasting accuracy.
Demonstrated the effectiveness of ML in assimilating multi-satellite data.
Shows significant potential for improving weather predictions in data-limited areas.