A data-to-forecast machine learning system for global weather

Weather forecasting traditionally relies on numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems that integrate global observations, data assimilation (DA), and physics-based models. However, further advances are increasingly constrained by high computational costs, the underutilization of vast observational datasets, and challenges in obtaining finer resolution. Recent advances in machine learning present a promising alternative, but still depend on the initial conditions generated by NWP systems. Here, we introduce FuXi Weather, a machine learning-based global forecasting system that assimilates multi-satellite data and is capable of cycling DA and forecasting. FuXi Weather generates reliable 10-day forecasts at 0.25° resolution using fewer observations than conventional NWP systems. It demonstrates the value of background forecasts in constraining the analysis during DA. FuXi Weather outperforms the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts high-resolution forecasts beyond day one in observation-sparse regions such as central Africa, highlighting its potential to improve forecasts where observational infrastructure is limited.