Spectral markers and machine learning: Revolutionizing Rice evaluation with near infrared spectroscopy

The evaluation of rice varieties is a complex, time-consuming process requiring advanced equipment. This study aimed to discriminate 22 commercial rice varieties from six types by analyzing biochemical, physicochemical, and cooking properties. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, combined with machine learning, linked molecular properties with quality traits, offering a high-throughput solution. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models accurately predicted parameters such as whiteness (R² = 0.94), width (R² = 0.94), resilience (R² = 0.96), and springiness (R² = 0.98), highlighting key wavelength regions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed distinct clustering patterns, while Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) achieved a 17 % error rate in external predictions. Spectral markers at A6032/4457 cm^-1, A7004/5241 cm^-1, and A7004/4749 cm^-1 reflected biomolecular differences among varieties. This innovative approach enables precise quantification, classification, and differentiation of rice types, enhancing quality control, improving consumer satisfaction, and optimizing breeding selection processes efficiently.