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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Oncolytic virotherapy and tumor microenvironment modulation.

Sebastián Rivera-Orellana1, Jhommara Bautista1,2,3, David Palacios-Zavala1

  • 1Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.

Clinical and Experimental Medicine
|July 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are revolutionizing cancer therapy by directly killing tumors and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) to boost immune responses. Combination therapies and viral engineering are key to overcoming resistance and improving outcomes.

Keywords:
Cold tumorHot tumorOncolytic virotherapyTumor microenvironmentVirus

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Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Oncolytic virotherapy
  • Cancer immunology
  • Tumor microenvironment modulation

Background:

  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) offer targeted cancer cell lysis and immune stimulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • The TME presents challenges to OV efficacy, often requiring combination strategies to overcome tumor resistance.
  • Genetically engineered OVs and novel viral agents are expanding therapeutic possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and advancements in oncolytic virotherapy.
  • To highlight the role of OVs in remodeling the tumor microenvironment for enhanced anti-tumor immunity.
  • To discuss strategies for optimizing OV efficacy, including combination therapies and viral engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on oncolytic virus therapy and tumor microenvironment interactions.
  • Analysis of key examples of engineered oncolytic viruses (e.g., T-VEC, JX-594, HSV-based OVs).
  • Exploration of emerging OV strategies, novel viral candidates, and delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • OVs effectively induce tumor cell lysis and modulate the TME by increasing immune infiltration and antigen presentation.
  • Engineered OVs like T-VEC and JX-594 demonstrate improved immune activation and tumor selectivity.
  • OVs can convert "cold" tumors to "hot" tumors, enhancing susceptibility to immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Oncolytic virotherapy holds significant promise for cancer treatment by directly targeting tumors and orchestrating anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Optimizing TME-targeted strategies, delivery mechanisms, and identifying predictive biomarkers are crucial for advancing OV therapy.
  • Further research in viral engineering and immunomodulation is essential to revolutionize cancer treatment with oncolytic viruses.