Investigations of Materials and Technologies Behind Environmental Pollution Monitoring Sensors for Global Health

Environmental pollution is a major concern, particularly in modern cities, due to its significant effects on human health and the global economy. These pollutants must be continuously monitored to prevent negative impacts on the environment. The scientific community has done in-depth studies on optimal environmental sensors from theory to practice in recent years. These sensors can detect the existence of hazardous gases and quantify the amounts in the surrounding environment. Since sensor applications are anticipated to be further expanded, examining the crucial types of sensors, their characteristics, difficulties, and significant applications is essential. In this paper, different sensing methods and sensing materials adopted for detecting environmental pollutants are reviewed, focusing on hazardous gases like nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), ammonia (NH₃), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur oxides (SO _x ). The working principle of sensing technology adopted for fabricating sensors, sensing materials used, and essential sensing parameters like sensitivity, operating temperature, and detection range are thoroughly analyzed.