Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based Biological and Environmental 2D and 3D Imaging

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging is a highly sensitive, spatially resolved tool for biological and environmental analysis. SERS imaging combines molecular fingerprinting with real-time, in situ detection, with the capacity to address key questions around analyte identification, concentration, and distribution. In biological systems, SERS imaging has enabled sensitive detection of nucleic acids, proteins, and biomarkers. Notable progress includes the detection of miRNAs through nanoassembly and disassembly techniques, as well as bioorthogonal chemistry and antibody-conjugated methods for protein and enzyme imaging. These approaches, along with integration of complementary imaging techniques, have improved SERS imaging for in vivo studies in plant and animal cells. Additionally, SERS imaging of pathogens reveals their distribution and behavior in cellular environments. For environmental applications, SERS imaging has been used to track pesticides, nanoparticles, and heavy metal ions, providing critical insights into contaminant transport and transformation. Furthermore, SERS-based pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) imaging delivers spatially resolved data on reactive species in biological and environmental microenvironments, aiding in understanding their dynamic roles in various processes. Despite its advantages, SERS imaging faces several challenges. By addressing its limitations, SERS imaging holds promise for broad application in contaminant monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and real-time biological analysis.