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Integration of Hematologic and Metabolic Biomarkers for Outcome Prediction in Acute Coronary Syndromes Without ST
Emir Becirovic1,2, Minela Becirovic1,3, Kenana Ljuca4
1Internal Medicine Clinic, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla, BIH.
Insights
Early changes in inflammatory markers like SIRI and metabolic markers like TyG-BMI can predict adverse outcomes in Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients. Monitoring these dynamics aids in early risk stratification.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
- Biomarkers
Background:
- Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a common acute coronary syndrome with high early adverse event risk.
- Inflammatory and metabolic disturbances are key contributors to NSTEMI.
- Hematologic indices (NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, SIRI, PIV) and TyG-BMI are potential prognostic markers, but their early dynamics are understudied.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the dynamic changes of hematologic and metabolic indices within 24 hours of admission in NSTEMI patients.
- To evaluate the prognostic value of these early changes for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within three months.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study of 170 NSTEMI patients.
- Calculation of hematologic and metabolic indices at admission and 24 hours later.
- Three-month follow-up for MACE (cardiovascular death, reinfarction, urgent revascularization).
Main Results:
- Significant 24-hour reductions observed in NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV (p < 0.01), contrasting with a >2-fold increase in CRP (p < 0.001).
- Patients with MACE exhibited persistently elevated inflammatory indices and smaller declines in PIV and SIRI.
- Change in SIRI (ΔSIRI) showed the strongest predictive value (AUC = 0.63), followed by SII and TyG-BMI. Reduced PIV resolution and elevated TyG-BMI were linked to adverse outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Early changes in systemic inflammation (SIRI) and metabolic stress (TyG-BMI) provide valuable prognostic information in NSTEMI.
- Dynamic monitoring of these indices can enhance early risk stratification for NSTEMI patients.
- Findings highlight the importance of assessing inflammatory and metabolic shifts in the acute phase of NSTEMI.
Abstract:
Background Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) represents a prevalent form of acute coronary syndrome associated with substantial early risk of adverse outcomes. Inflammatory and metabolic disturbances are increasingly recognized as key contributors to the disease. Hematologic indices such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), along with the triglyceride-glucose index adjusted for BMI (TyG-BMI), have emerged as promising prognostic markers. However, their dynamic behavior in early NSTEMI remains insufficiently explored. Materials and methods This prospective study included 170 patients hospitalized for NSTEMI at the University Clinical Centre Tuzla between February 2022 and January 2023. Hematologic and metabolic indices were calculated at admission and repeated 24 hours later. Patients were followed for three months to document major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including cardiovascular death, reinfarction, and urgent revascularization. The median age was 67 years, and 60.6% of patients were male. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities. Results Significant 24-hour reductions were observed in NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, and PIV (all p < 0.01), while C-reactive protein (CRP) levels more than doubled (p < 0.001). Patients who developed MACE showed persistently elevated inflammatory indices and smaller declines in PIV and SIRI. Change in SIRI (ΔSIRI) demonstrated the strongest predictive value (AUC = 0.63), followed by SII and TyG-BMI. Notably, reduced resolution of PIV and persistently elevated TyG-BMI were significantly associated with adverse outcomes. Overall, MACE occurred in 51.2% of patients, including a 14.7% mortality rate. Conclusion Early changes in systemic inflammation and metabolic stress, particularly SIRI and TyG-BMI dynamics, offer valuable prognostic insight and may enhance early risk stratification in NSTEMI patients.
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