Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 14, 2025
Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
Published on: March 31, 2023
Elevation of NTN4 Expression and Its Possible Regulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) in a Rat Model of
Kosuke Inoue1, Kentaro Uchida1, Ryo Tazawa1
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, JPN.
Introduction:
Rotator cuff tears are a major cause of shoulder dysfunction and pain, particularly in older adults, with re-tear rates remaining high despite surgical advances. Persistent inflammation and dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling contribute to impaired healing. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is known to drive tendon inflammation, but the downstream mediators linking TNF-α signaling to matrix degradation remain incompletely understood. Netrin-4 (NTN4), a laminin-related protein, has been implicated in inflammatory and ECM-modulating processes. We hypothesized that NTN4 is upregulated following tendon tear in a TNF-α-dependent manner and contributes to sustained ECM degradation.
Methods:
A rat infraspinatus and supraspinatus full-thickness tendon tear model was established, and tendon tissues were harvested at 0 (intact), 7, 14, 28, and 56 days post-injury (n = 8/time point). Gene expressions of Ntn4, Il6, Tnfa, Mmp1, Mmp3, and Cxcl1 were quantified by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Primary rat tenocytes were stimulated in vitro with recombinant TNF-α (0-10 ng/mL) or NTN4 (0-500 ng/mL), and target gene expression and protein secretion were assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical comparisons were performed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc tests.
Results:
In vivo, Ntn4 expression significantly increased from day 14 onward (P < 0.001), peaking at day 28 and remaining elevated at day 56. Tnfa and Il6 were upregulated earlier (days 7-28), and Mmp3 showed sustained induction (days 7-28), while Mmp1 rose later (day 28). In vitro, TNF-α induced Ntn4 in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). Exogenous NTN4 induced MMP-3 expression at both transcript and protein levels, while no significant changes were observed in MMP-1, TNF-α, or IL-6 protein levels under these experimental conditions.
Conclusions:
Our findings identify NTN4 as a TNF-α-induced effector that contributes to sustained MMP-3-mediated matrix degradation following rotator cuff tear. By linking inflammatory cytokine signaling to prolonged ECM remodeling, the TNF-α/NTN4/MMP-3 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for improving tendon healing and reducing re-tear risk.
