Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

448
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
448
Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

512
Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
512
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

448
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
448
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

33.7K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
33.7K
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

1.7K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
1.7K
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

1.0K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparing Brain Responses to Moral and Semantic Violations.

Brain sciences·2026
Same author

Understanding counterfactuals in transparent and nontransparent context: An event-related potential investigation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2021
Same author

Cognitive control in bilinguals: Proficiency and code-switching both matter.

Cognition·2021
Same author

Processing Code-Switches in the Presence of Others: An ERP Study.

Frontiers in psychology·2020
Same author

Processing Code-Switching in Algerian Bilinguals: Effects of Language Use and Semantic Expectancy.

Frontiers in psychology·2016

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

14.9K

Investigating the effects of code-switch types on cognitive control.

Souad Kheder1, Rodrigo Mello Medina2, Jorge Valdés Kroff1

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of Florida.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|July 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Code switching within sentences does not enhance cognitive control. Instead, processing code switches may divert attention, leading to greater conflict effects on subsequent tasks.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.5K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 14, 2025

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

14.9K
Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

3.5K
A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance
09:01

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Bilingualism Research

Background:

  • Code switching, the use of multiple languages within a single sentence, is theorized to engage cognitive control mechanisms like inhibition and conflict monitoring.
  • The specific impact of structurally different code-switching types on cognitive control remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether distinct types of code switching (dense vs. insertional) differentially engage cognitive control.
  • To examine the effect of code switching on cognitive control using a conflict adaptation paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (early Spanish-English bilinguals) processed unilingual Spanish sentences and sentences with dense or insertional English code switches.
  • Following sentence processing, participants completed a Flanker task to measure cognitive control via conflict adaptation.
  • Experiments involved both auditory and visual presentation modalities.

Main Results:

  • No significant reduction in the Flanker conflict effect was observed after code-switched sentences, contrary to hypotheses.
  • In three out of four experiments, the Flanker conflict effect was larger following code-switched sentences compared to unilingual sentences.
  • No differences were found between insertional and dense code switching, nor between auditory and visual modalities.

Conclusions:

  • Processing code-switched sentences does not appear to enhance cognitive control.
  • The findings suggest that code switching, particularly in non-interactive contexts, may consume cognitive resources, potentially impairing performance on subsequent tasks.
  • Unexpected code switches might draw attention away from task-relevant stimuli, leading to increased conflict effects.