Advancing Bioprinting Technology Utilizing Portable Bioprinters: From Various Device Designs to Dental Applications

Recent advancements in portable bioprinting technology present transformative opportunities for dental applications, enabling handy fabrication of biologically functional tissues. This narrative review examines the current state of portable bioprinting systems, focusing on their potential to address critical challenges in restorative dentistry, periodontal regeneration, and endodontic therapy. We summarize key innovations in handheld bioprinting devices, emphasizing their operational mechanisms, bioink developments, and clinical applicability. Particular attention is given to four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting approaches that leverage stimuli-responsive materials for dynamic tissue reconstruction. While demonstrating promising results in pulp vascularization and defect repair, portable bioprinters face significant limitations in precision, scalability, and reproducibility due to their manual operation and environmental sensitivity. We evaluate these technical constraints and propose solutions through emerging technologies such as robotic-assisted printing, artificial intelligence-driven process optimization, and smart bioink formulations. The discussion extends to standardization protocols and regulatory considerations necessary for clinical translation. Looking forward, we highlight interdisciplinary strategies to bridge existing gaps between laboratory innovation and clinical implementation. By addressing current challenges in automation, material science, and quality control, portable bioprinting could revolutionize personalized dental care, offering biologically integrated solutions that surpass conventional synthetic alternatives. This narrative review provides both a comprehensive assessment of the progress in this field and a roadmap for future development toward clinically viable systems.