Development and Optimization of Garlic Extract Nanophytosome: Effects of Component Ratio and Ultrasonication Time

In this research, the influences of garlic extract (GE) (0%-3%), cholesterol-to-lecithin ratio (CLR) (0-1), and sonication duration (10-30 min) were thoroughly examined concerning the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of phytosomal-nanocarriers (PNCs). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis was conducted to ascertain the presence or absence of interactions between the GE and other constituent elements. The parameters of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, turbidity, and stability were all significantly influenced by the duration of sonication, and a robust correlation was established among these variables. The pH levels and electrical conductivity exhibited a significant dependency on the concentration of GE and the CLR. PNCs infused with GE manifested antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, likely attributable to the diminutive particle size and the elevated penetration efficacy of these particulates. The CLR and the duration of sonication were further delineated as critical determinants of the stability of the synthesized PNCs over a storage period of 4 weeks. During the optimization phase, the ideal conditions were determined to be a concentration of 3% GE, a sonication duration of 23.59 min, and a CLR of 0.52. Ultimately, it is noteworthy that the FT-IR analysis corroborated the absence of interactions between GE and other components present in the PNCs.