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Effects of ball combination training program combined with cTBS intervention on motor disorder in children with

Kai Qi1, Zhiyuan Sun2, Yifan Shi2

  • 1Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland. kai.qi@awf.gda.pl.

Scientific Reports
|July 21, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Combining ball combination training program (BCTP) with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) significantly improved motor disorders in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This combined approach demonstrated superior efficacy compared to single interventions alone.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Motor disorders (MD) are prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
  • Developing effective interventions for MD in ASD remains a significant challenge.
  • Previous research indicates potential benefits of targeted training programs and neuromodulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of a 12-week ball combination training program (BCTP) combined with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) for improving MD in children with ASD.
  • To compare the effects of combined BCTP and cTBS with BCTP alone, cTBS alone, and a control group.

Main Methods:

  • A 4 (cTBS, BCTP, cTBS*BCTP, control group) × 2 (pre-test, post-test) mixed design was utilized.
  • Fifty participants with ASD were allocated to three experimental groups and one control group.
  • Motor disorders were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2).

Main Results:

  • The combined cTBS*BCTP group showed significant improvements in overall MABC-2 scores and manual dexterity (P < 0.05).
  • The BCTP group also demonstrated significant improvements in overall MABC-2 scores.
  • The cTBS*BCTP group exhibited the largest effect size (1.03), indicating the most substantial intervention effect compared to BCTP (0.82) and cTBS (0.43) alone.

Conclusions:

  • Combined BCTP and cTBS interventions are highly effective in improving motor disorders in children with ASD.
  • The synergistic effect of combining BCTP with cTBS demonstrates superior outcomes compared to either intervention applied individually.
  • These findings support the use of combined neuromodulation and targeted training for addressing motor deficits in ASD.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderBall combination training programCTBSChildMotor disorder

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